What does an Aptos private key (permission) change mean?
Private key rotation allows an account to replace its current private key with another one. Once the replacement succeeds, the new key inherits full control of the account, while the original private key can no longer operate it.
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More context
Under normal circumstances, one Aptos private key maps to one address—for example, private key A controls address A, and private key B controls address B. Suppose address A signs a malicious transaction; that transaction can reassign address A’s private key from key A to key B. After the change, key A is discarded and can no longer sign for that account, while all future transactions for address A must be signed with key B. From key B’s perspective, it can now sign for both address B and address A, effectively giving whoever controls key B access to two wallets.